Most of the world’s nations have signed up to a historic deal to ensure big companies pay a fairer share of tax.
Some 136 countries have agreed to enforce a corporate tax rate of at least 15%, as well a fairer system of taxing profits where they are earned.
It follows concern that multinational companies are re-routing profits through lower tax jurisdictions.
Yet some say that a 15% rate is too low and big companies will get around the rules.
UK Chancellor Rishi Sunak said the deal would “upgrade the global tax system for the modern age”.
“We now have a clear path to a fairer tax system, where large global players pay their fair share wherever they do business,” he said.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organisation, has led talks on a minimum rate for a decade.
It said the deal could bring in an extra $150bn (£108bn) of tax a year, bolstering economies as they recover from COVID .
Yet it also said it did not seek to “eliminate” tax competition between countries, only to limit it.
The floor under corporate tax will come in from 2023. Countries will also have more scope to tax multinational companies operating within their borders, even if they don’t have a physical presence there.
The move – which is expected to hit digital giants like Amazon and Facebook – would affect firms with global sales above 20 billion euros (£17bn) and profit margins above 10%.
A quarter of any profits they make above the 10% threshold can be reallocated to countries where they were earned and taxed there.
“[This] is a far-reaching agreement which ensures our international tax system is fit for purpose in a digitalised and globalised world economy,” said OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann.
“We must now work swiftly and diligently to ensure the effective implementation of this major reform.”
‘Winners and losers’
This deal marks a sweeping change in approach when it comes to taxing big global companies.
In the past, countries would frequently compete with one another to offer an attractive deal to multinationals. It made sense when those companies might come in, set up a factory and create jobs. They were, you could say, giving something back.
But the new digital era giants have become adept at simply moving profits around, from the regions where they do business to those where they will pay the lowest taxes. Good news for tax havens, bad news for everyone else.
The new system is meant to minimise opportunities for profit shifting, and ensure that the largest businesses pay at least some of their taxes where they do business, rather than where they choose to have their headquarters.
Some 136 countries have signed up – an achievement in itself. But inevitably there will be losers as well as winners.
‘Race to the bottom’
More than 100 countries supported the initial OECD proposals when they were announced in July.
Ireland, Hungary and Estonia – all of which have corporate tax rates below 15% – at first resisted but are now on board. However, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have not yet joined the agreement.
The pact also resolves a spat between the US and countries such as the UK and France, which had threatened a digital tax on big mainly American tech firms.
US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said: “As of this morning, virtually the entire global economy has decided to end the race to the bottom on corporate taxation.
“Rather than competing on our ability to offer low corporate rates, America will now compete on the skills of our workers and our capacity to innovate, which is a race we can win.”
Oxfam has said a 15% tax rate is too low and would do “little or nothing to end harmful tax competition”.
In July, its international executive director Gabriela Bucher said: “[This] is already being seen by some in Australia and Denmark as an excuse to lower domestic corporate tax rates, risking a new race to the bottom.”
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